This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has ruled this clause makes most of the Bill of Rights as applicable to the states as it is to the federal government, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy. The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without a fair procedure. Since the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), the Privileges or Immunities Clause has been interpreted to do very little. Sandford (1857), which had held that Americans descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, nullifying the Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, and also those acting on behalf of such officials. Hodges (2015) regarding same-sex marriage.
Gore (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and Obergefell v. Wade (1973) regarding abortion ( overturned in 2022), Bush v. Board of Education (1954) regarding racial segregation, Roe v. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. Usually considered one of the most consequential amendments, it addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
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